Synthesis and efficiency evaluation of phenothiazine and carbazole-based derivatives in salmonella enterica

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance is a worldwide problem in human and veterinary medicine. Commonly, an extensive use of antimicrobials that leads to the dissemination of resistant bacteria and resistance genes in animals and humans [1]. The appearance of multiple resistant bacteria of human and veterinary origin is probably accompanied by co-contamination of the environment apparently leading to a great health concern [2]. As in the hospital environment, the agricultural use of antimicrobials agents selects for antibiotic resistance. These antimicrobial drugs from both hospital and agricultural sources can persist in soil or aquatic environments, and these compounds may affect the treatment of human diseases [3]. In fact, most antimicrobial agents are produced by strains of fungi and bacteria that occur naturally in all environments [4]. Nowadays antibiotic resistance seems inevitable. Over the years, many different solutions have been proposed to solve this problem. As the ability to pump antibiotics out of cells is a common feature of most environmental microbes and their pathogenic relatives and is the most widespread form of resistance to most classes of antibiotics that is why it is very important to discover molecules inhibiting efflux pumps as well as to reveal the inhibition mechanisms. There is another possibility to investigate similar substances as competitors of antibiotics.[...]