Increase of the roughness of the electrode surface due to the exposure to high-voltage electric pulses as revealed by atomic force microscopy

Abstract

The changes of the surface topography of stainless-steel and aluminium electrodes occurring due to the action of electric pulses which are commonly utilized in cell electroporation procedures, have been studied by using atomic force microscopy. The surfaces of the polished stainless-steel electrodes were smooth - the average roughness was 13-17 mm and the total roughness 140-180 mm. The total roughness of the aluminium electrodes was about 320 mm.[...]