Use this url to cite ETD: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12259/108530
Options
Ar valstybę sudarančio teritorinio vieneto gyventojai gali vienašališkai skelbti nepriklausomybę nuo valstybės?
Field of Science
Teisė / Law (S001)
Type of publication
type::text::thesis::master thesis
Title
Ar valstybę sudarančio teritorinio vieneto gyventojai gali vienašališkai skelbti nepriklausomybę nuo valstybės?
Other Title
Whether the population of the territorial unit constituting the state may unilaterally declare independence from the state?
Author
Paspirgėlis, Gintaras |
Advisor
Extent
31 p.
Date Issued
2020-06-19
Abstract
Secesija – tai valstybę sudarančio teritorinio vieneto atsiskyrimas, kurį įgyvendina tos teritorijos gyventojai, siekdami sukurti naują nepriklausomą valstybę. Šio proceso metu konkuruoja du svarbūs tarptautinės teisės principai – tautų laisvo apsisprendimo ir valstybės teritorinio vientisumo principas.
Tautų laisvo apsisprendimo principą sudaro vidinis ir išorinis apsisprendimo aspektai. Vidinis tautų apsisprendimo principo aspektas – teisė į savivaldą, politinę autonomiją, kultūrinę, religinę ir kalbos vartojimo laisves – yra garantuojamas visoms tautoms. Išorinis apsisprendimas – tautos teisė laisvai nuspręsti dėl savo politinio statuso ir vietos tarptautinėje bendruomenėje. Teisė į tautos išorinį apsisprendimą atsiranda tik išimtiniais atvejais, o tie atvejai turi būti griežtai įtvirtinti tarptautinės teisės normose.
Nagrinėjamos temos kontekste valstybės teritorinio vientisumo principas labai glaudžiai persipina su tautų apsisprendimo principu ir, galima teigti, kad konkuruoja tarpusavyje. Iš vienos pusės teritorinio vientisumo principas yra esminis principas žvelgiant iš valstybių, kaip tarptautinių santykių veikėjų pusės, iš kitos pusės – tautų apsisprendimo principas, kaip viena iš esminių žmogaus teisių. Todėl, tam, kad nebūtų pažeistas nei vienas iš jų, šių principų įgyvendinimas turi būti kruopščiai sureguliuotas.
Todėl tik atitinkanti konkrečius kriterijus secesiją yra laikoma teisėta. Visų pirma, teisę į secesiją turi tik tauta. Šiame kontekste tauta neturi būti siejama su visa valstybės populiacija, nes priešingu atveju būtų apribotas tautų apsisprendimo principo taikymas. Antra, į išorinį apsisprendimą tauta įgauna teisę tik tuomet, kai vyriausybė neįgyvendina esminių jos vidinio apsisprendimo teisių egzistuojančioje valstybėje. Valstybės aneksavimas ar teritorijos užgrobimas taip pat yra laikytinos priežastimis, kurios atveria kelia vienašalei secesijai. Kai valstybė, nuo kurios tauta siekia atsiskirti, nėra įvykdžiusi šiurkščių tautos vidinio apsisprendimo teisės pažeidimų, secesija yra negalima, nes priešingu atveju būtų pažeistas valstybės teritorinio vientisumo principas.
Tautų laisvo apsisprendimo principą sudaro vidinis ir išorinis apsisprendimo aspektai. Vidinis tautų apsisprendimo principo aspektas – teisė į savivaldą, politinę autonomiją, kultūrinę, religinę ir kalbos vartojimo laisves – yra garantuojamas visoms tautoms. Išorinis apsisprendimas – tautos teisė laisvai nuspręsti dėl savo politinio statuso ir vietos tarptautinėje bendruomenėje. Teisė į tautos išorinį apsisprendimą atsiranda tik išimtiniais atvejais, o tie atvejai turi būti griežtai įtvirtinti tarptautinės teisės normose.
Nagrinėjamos temos kontekste valstybės teritorinio vientisumo principas labai glaudžiai persipina su tautų apsisprendimo principu ir, galima teigti, kad konkuruoja tarpusavyje. Iš vienos pusės teritorinio vientisumo principas yra esminis principas žvelgiant iš valstybių, kaip tarptautinių santykių veikėjų pusės, iš kitos pusės – tautų apsisprendimo principas, kaip viena iš esminių žmogaus teisių. Todėl, tam, kad nebūtų pažeistas nei vienas iš jų, šių principų įgyvendinimas turi būti kruopščiai sureguliuotas.
Todėl tik atitinkanti konkrečius kriterijus secesiją yra laikoma teisėta. Visų pirma, teisę į secesiją turi tik tauta. Šiame kontekste tauta neturi būti siejama su visa valstybės populiacija, nes priešingu atveju būtų apribotas tautų apsisprendimo principo taikymas. Antra, į išorinį apsisprendimą tauta įgauna teisę tik tuomet, kai vyriausybė neįgyvendina esminių jos vidinio apsisprendimo teisių egzistuojančioje valstybėje. Valstybės aneksavimas ar teritorijos užgrobimas taip pat yra laikytinos priežastimis, kurios atveria kelia vienašalei secesijai. Kai valstybė, nuo kurios tauta siekia atsiskirti, nėra įvykdžiusi šiurkščių tautos vidinio apsisprendimo teisės pažeidimų, secesija yra negalima, nes priešingu atveju būtų pažeistas valstybės teritorinio vientisumo principas.
The International Court of Justice, in advisory opinion in case “Accordance with international law of the unilateral declaration of independence in respect of Kosovo“, has stated that the case can be assessed under international law, because of a declaration is not a only political act. This is an important aspect, meaning that the question of the legitimacy of unilateral declarations of independence must be assessed according to the rules of international law.
The principle of the territorial integrity of the state is enshrined in international law, but at the same time the right of people to self-determination is also recognized. This right can take the form of the desire to create one’s own state, that means, to unilaterally secede from the state of which an integral part the people is. Thus, there is competition between these two principles of international law – on the one hand, the state has the right to the integrity of its territory, on the other hand, nations living in that state have the right to decide their future – to be a part of a common state with other nations, or to seek secession and the creation of an independent state.
Although the decolonization process is related to the process of secession, but in this paper it won’t be analysed. Firstly, there are almost no colonies left at the moment that’s why decolonization is essentially neither a political nor a legal issue. Secondly, the issue was relevant after the Second World War and was sufficiently regulated at the time. The situation is quite different when it comes to the separation of the territorial unit of an independent state, which is being implemented by the people of that territory in order to create a new independent state.
This paper analyses a question whether the population of the territorial unit constituting the state may unilaterally declare independence from the state? In international law this process is called secession. So, secession is a separation of a territorial unit from the state to which it belongs to. In the process of secession, two important principles of international law compete – the principle of self-determination and the principle of territorial integrity.
The paper hypothesized that the inhabitants of a territorial unit forming a state can unilaterally declare independence from the state of which they are an integral part. The investigation has shown that a nation can legitimately unilaterally secede from the state only under certain conditions. Thus, the hypothesis was confirmed in part because it is correct only in the presence of certain conditions, which are analysed in the paper.
Principle of the self-determination of peoples has two aspects: internal and external self-determination. An internal aspect means that all peoples have the rights to self-government, political autonomy, cultural, religious and language freedoms. Those rights are guaranteed to all nations. External aspect of principle of self-determination speaks about the right of a people to freely decide on its political status and place in the international community. The right of external self-determination arises only in exceptional cases, and those cases must be strictly regulated in the norms of intern0ational law.
The right to the nation's external self-determination arises only in exceptional cases, and those cases must be strictly enshrined in the international law. That why there must be a balance between those two principles of international law, which compete with each other. Although the International Court of Justice is a subject of international law that can and must shape practice in international relations, even this institution avoids developing a regulatory framework and making recommendations on this issue.
The territory of the state is one of the most essential elements of the existence of the state, therefore the principle is important and especially protected by the states as the subjects of international relations. In the context of this topic, the principle of territorial integrity of the state is very closely intertwined with the principle of self-determination and that they compete with each other. On the one hand, the principle of territorial integrity is an essential principle from the point of view of states as actors of international relations, on the other hand, the principle of self-determination is one of the fundamental human rights. Therefore, in order to avoid violation of them, the implementation of these principles must be carefully regulated.
Therefore, only a secession that fulfils specific criterias is considered legitimate. First of all, only the nation has the right to secession. In this context, a nation must not be associated with the entire population of a state, otherwise the application of the principle of self-determination would be limited. However, if the internal right of self-determination of people is exercised in the state, this nation may apply for secession only if the domestic law (constitution) of the state provides for such a condition. Second, a nation acquires the right to the external self-determination only when the government does not exercise its essential rights of internal self-determination in the existing state. The annexation of the state or the seizure of territory are also considered to be reasons that open the door to unilateral secession. When the state from which the nation seeks to secede has not committed gross violations of the nation's right to internal self-determination, secession is illegal, otherwise the principle of the territorial integrity of the state would be violated.
The principle of the territorial integrity of the state is enshrined in international law, but at the same time the right of people to self-determination is also recognized. This right can take the form of the desire to create one’s own state, that means, to unilaterally secede from the state of which an integral part the people is. Thus, there is competition between these two principles of international law – on the one hand, the state has the right to the integrity of its territory, on the other hand, nations living in that state have the right to decide their future – to be a part of a common state with other nations, or to seek secession and the creation of an independent state.
Although the decolonization process is related to the process of secession, but in this paper it won’t be analysed. Firstly, there are almost no colonies left at the moment that’s why decolonization is essentially neither a political nor a legal issue. Secondly, the issue was relevant after the Second World War and was sufficiently regulated at the time. The situation is quite different when it comes to the separation of the territorial unit of an independent state, which is being implemented by the people of that territory in order to create a new independent state.
This paper analyses a question whether the population of the territorial unit constituting the state may unilaterally declare independence from the state? In international law this process is called secession. So, secession is a separation of a territorial unit from the state to which it belongs to. In the process of secession, two important principles of international law compete – the principle of self-determination and the principle of territorial integrity.
The paper hypothesized that the inhabitants of a territorial unit forming a state can unilaterally declare independence from the state of which they are an integral part. The investigation has shown that a nation can legitimately unilaterally secede from the state only under certain conditions. Thus, the hypothesis was confirmed in part because it is correct only in the presence of certain conditions, which are analysed in the paper.
Principle of the self-determination of peoples has two aspects: internal and external self-determination. An internal aspect means that all peoples have the rights to self-government, political autonomy, cultural, religious and language freedoms. Those rights are guaranteed to all nations. External aspect of principle of self-determination speaks about the right of a people to freely decide on its political status and place in the international community. The right of external self-determination arises only in exceptional cases, and those cases must be strictly regulated in the norms of intern0ational law.
The right to the nation's external self-determination arises only in exceptional cases, and those cases must be strictly enshrined in the international law. That why there must be a balance between those two principles of international law, which compete with each other. Although the International Court of Justice is a subject of international law that can and must shape practice in international relations, even this institution avoids developing a regulatory framework and making recommendations on this issue.
The territory of the state is one of the most essential elements of the existence of the state, therefore the principle is important and especially protected by the states as the subjects of international relations. In the context of this topic, the principle of territorial integrity of the state is very closely intertwined with the principle of self-determination and that they compete with each other. On the one hand, the principle of territorial integrity is an essential principle from the point of view of states as actors of international relations, on the other hand, the principle of self-determination is one of the fundamental human rights. Therefore, in order to avoid violation of them, the implementation of these principles must be carefully regulated.
Therefore, only a secession that fulfils specific criterias is considered legitimate. First of all, only the nation has the right to secession. In this context, a nation must not be associated with the entire population of a state, otherwise the application of the principle of self-determination would be limited. However, if the internal right of self-determination of people is exercised in the state, this nation may apply for secession only if the domestic law (constitution) of the state provides for such a condition. Second, a nation acquires the right to the external self-determination only when the government does not exercise its essential rights of internal self-determination in the existing state. The annexation of the state or the seizure of territory are also considered to be reasons that open the door to unilateral secession. When the state from which the nation seeks to secede has not committed gross violations of the nation's right to internal self-determination, secession is illegal, otherwise the principle of the territorial integrity of the state would be violated.
Language
Lietuvių / Lithuanian (lt)
Defended
Taip / Yes
Creative Commons License
Access Rights
Atviroji prieiga / Open Access